Linux server administration
- Linux Server Administration
This article provides a foundational overview of Linux server administration, geared towards newcomers to server management and MediaWiki site administration. It covers essential concepts, common tasks, and important considerations for maintaining a stable and secure server environment. This guide assumes a basic familiarity with the Linux command line.
Understanding the Linux Server Environment
A Linux server is a powerful and versatile platform for hosting websites, applications, and databases. Unlike desktop Linux distributions, server distributions are typically streamlined for performance and stability, often lacking a graphical user interface (GUI) to minimize resource consumption. Common server distributions include Ubuntu Server, Debian, CentOS Stream, and Rocky Linux. Understanding the core components is crucial:
- **Kernel:** The heart of the operating system, managing system resources.
- **Shell:** A command-line interpreter (e.g., Bash) allowing you to interact with the kernel.
- **File System:** Organizes data into a hierarchical structure (e.g., ext4, XFS).
- **System Services:** Background processes providing essential functionality (e.g., web server, database server).
Essential Server Administration Tasks
Several core tasks are fundamental to maintaining a healthy Linux server. These include user management, package management, security hardening, and monitoring.
User and Group Management
Managing users and groups is vital for security and access control.
- `useradd`: Creates a new user account.
- `userdel`: Deletes a user account.
- `usermod`: Modifies user account properties.
- `groupadd`: Creates a new group.
- `groupdel`: Deletes a group.
- `groupmod`: Modifies group properties.
It's crucial to follow the principle of least privilege, granting users only the permissions they need to perform their tasks. See User Rights Management for more details.
Package Management
Package managers simplify the installation, update, and removal of software. The specific package manager depends on the distribution.
- **Debian/Ubuntu:** `apt` (Advanced Package Tool)
- **CentOS/Rocky Linux/Fedora:** `yum` or `dnf` (Dandified Yum)
Here's a comparison of common package management commands:
| Command | Debian/Ubuntu (apt) | CentOS/Rocky Linux (yum/dnf) |
|---|---|---|
| Install Package | `sudo apt install <package_name>` | `sudo yum install <package_name>` or `sudo dnf install <package_name>` |
| Update Package List | `sudo apt update` | `sudo yum update` or `sudo dnf update` |
| Upgrade Packages | `sudo apt upgrade` | `sudo yum upgrade` or `sudo dnf upgrade` |
| Remove Package | `sudo apt remove <package_name>` | `sudo yum remove <package_name>` or `sudo dnf remove <package_name>` |
Always update your system regularly to patch security vulnerabilities. Consider using Automated Updates.
Security Hardening
Securing your server is paramount. Key steps include:
- **Firewall:** Configure a firewall (e.g., `ufw` on Ubuntu, `firewalld` on CentOS/Rocky Linux) to restrict network access. See Firewall Configuration.
- **SSH Hardening:** Disable password authentication, use key-based authentication, and change the default SSH port. Refer to SSH Security.
- **Regular Updates:** Keep all software up to date to address security vulnerabilities.
- **Intrusion Detection System (IDS):** Consider implementing an IDS like `fail2ban` to detect and block malicious activity. See Intrusion Detection Systems.
- **Root Account:** Disable direct root login via SSH.
Monitoring and Logging
Regular monitoring of server resources and logs is essential for identifying and resolving issues.
- **Resource Monitoring:** Use tools like `top`, `htop`, or `vmstat` to monitor CPU usage, memory usage, and disk I/O. Consider Server Performance Monitoring.
- **Log Files:** Examine log files located in `/var/log` for errors and warnings. Key log files include `/var/log/syslog`, `/var/log/auth.log`, and web server access logs. See Log File Analysis.
- **Systemd:** Utilize `systemd` to manage and monitor system services.
Common Server Software
Several software packages are commonly installed on Linux servers.
Web Servers
- **Apache:** A widely used web server known for its flexibility and modularity. See Apache Configuration.
- **Nginx:** A high-performance web server often used as a reverse proxy and load balancer. See Nginx Configuration.
Database Servers
- **MySQL/MariaDB:** Popular relational database management systems. See Database Server Administration.
- **PostgreSQL:** Another powerful relational database management system.
Other Services
- **Postfix/Sendmail:** Mail transfer agents (MTAs) for sending and receiving email.
- **Cron:** A job scheduler for automating tasks. See Cron Job Scheduling.
Server Specifications and Requirements
The required server specifications depend on the demands of the applications or services being hosted. Here’s a general guideline:
| Component | Minimum | Recommended | High Performance |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPU | 1 Core | 2-4 Cores | 8+ Cores |
| Memory (RAM) | 1 GB | 4-8 GB | 16+ GB |
| Storage (Disk) | 20 GB | 100 GB SSD | 500+ GB SSD/NVMe |
| Network Bandwidth | 10 Mbps | 100 Mbps | 1 Gbps+ |
These are just starting points; actual requirements will vary.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
| Issue | Possible Cause | Solution | |---|---|---| | Server Unresponsive | High CPU usage, memory exhaustion, disk full | Identify and terminate resource-intensive processes, add more memory, free up disk space | | Website Not Accessible | Web server down, firewall blocking access, DNS issues | Restart web server, configure firewall, verify DNS settings | | Database Connection Errors | Database server down, incorrect credentials, network connectivity issues | Restart database server, verify credentials, check network connectivity |
Further Resources
- Linux Command Line Basics
- Systemd Configuration
- Network Configuration
- Security Best Practices
- Disaster Recovery Planning
Intel-Based Server Configurations
| Configuration | Specifications | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|
| Core i7-6700K/7700 Server | 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 512 GB | CPU Benchmark: 8046 |
| Core i7-8700 Server | 64 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2x1 TB | CPU Benchmark: 13124 |
| Core i9-9900K Server | 128 GB DDR4, NVMe SSD 2 x 1 TB | CPU Benchmark: 49969 |
| Core i9-13900 Server (64GB) | 64 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i9-13900 Server (128GB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i5-13500 Server (64GB) | 64 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i5-13500 Server (128GB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x500 GB NVMe SSD | |
| Core i5-13500 Workstation | 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2 NVMe SSD, NVIDIA RTX 4000 |
AMD-Based Server Configurations
| Configuration | Specifications | Benchmark |
|---|---|---|
| Ryzen 5 3600 Server | 64 GB RAM, 2x480 GB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 17849 |
| Ryzen 7 7700 Server | 64 GB DDR5 RAM, 2x1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 35224 |
| Ryzen 9 5950X Server | 128 GB RAM, 2x4 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 46045 |
| Ryzen 9 7950X Server | 128 GB DDR5 ECC, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 63561 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/1TB) | 128 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/2TB) | 128 GB RAM, 2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (128GB/4TB) | 128 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/1TB) | 256 GB RAM, 1 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 7502P Server (256GB/4TB) | 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe | CPU Benchmark: 48021 |
| EPYC 9454P Server | 256 GB RAM, 2x2 TB NVMe |
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⚠️ *Note: All benchmark scores are approximate and may vary based on configuration. Server availability subject to stock.* ⚠️